<<Socialism,Feminism and Philosophy A Radical Philosophy Reader>> Reading Note
Introduction
He(Joseph McCarney) pointed out that Radical Philosophy has not in fact treated Marxism as a position on a par with all others in ‘a boundless receptivity to ideas’. Certainly Marxism is inescapable for critically minded people: one has to take account of it, if only to reject it. But the journal has never taken a formal position for or against Marx, still less elaborated any particular Marxism (although, again as McCarney pointed out, the more dialectical tradition going back to left-Hegelianism has been present in much of the work).
他(Joseph McCarney)指出，《激进哲学》杂志并没有真正将马克思主义视为与其他思想同等的立场，纳入一种“对思想的无限包容性”之中。当然，对于具有批判性思维的人来说，马克思主义是不可避免的：即使是为了拒绝它，也必须认真对待。然而，该杂志从未正式对马克思持支持或反对的立场，更不用说详细阐述任何特定的马克思主义了（尽管，正如麦卡尼指出的那样，杂志中许多作品都受到左派黑格尔主义传统的影响，这种传统强调辩证法）。
An uncontentious definition of our project would be that Radical Philosophy is a journal of socialist and fem inist philosophers.
We begin with some pieces related to feminist issues. The dis cussion that has gone on in feminist thought involves a number of related strands. One elementary task is the recovery and interpretation of the past, either in the form of rescuing the voices of women themselves (see Grimshaw below) or of a critical scrutiny of what the (male) luminaries of the philosophical tradition have had to say about women (see Arthur). Another task is to bring a feminist perspective to bear on the standard philosophical domains, such as ethics (see Parsons), as had earlier occurred with Marxist influenced social-structural perspectives (see Poole for both).
一个基本的任务是对过去的恢复与解读，这既可以通过拯救女性自身的声音来实现（见下文的Grimshaw），也可以通过对哲学传统中的（男性）杰出人物对女性的言论进行批判性审视来完成（见Arthur）。另一个任务是将女性主义视角应用于标准的哲学领域，例如伦理学（见Parsons），这与之前马克思主义影响下的社会结构视角的应用类似（Poole对此两者均有讨论）。
She emphasises the need to situate her work in the eighteenth-century context, and shows how its tensions arise (in ways familiar to modern feminism) from using, and at the same time contesting, the moral and political perspectives out of which it comes.
她强调需要将她的工作置于18世纪的背景中去理解，并展示了其内在的张力是如何产生的——这种张力对现代女性主义来说并不陌生，即在运用道德和政治视角的同时，也在挑战这些视角本身。out of which it comes 是关键，但是我没翻译出来，这里说的是这种张力/矛盾（tensions）是来自于运用的同时并挑战这些视角。
She thereby sheds light on both moral philosophy and feminist concerns.
Finally, in this part, Johnson subjects to critical scrutiny the supposed appropriateness of post-modernist aesthetics to feminist art theory and practice.
在这一部分，约翰逊对后现代主义美学是否适合女性主义艺术理论和实践这一假设进行了批判性审视。subjects to 是一个动词短语，意思本是“使……接受……”或“将……置于……之下”。结合后面的critical scrutiny来说，这里表示“将……置于批判性审视之下”。
Ever since Marx’s eleventh thesis on Feuerbach (‘The philosophers have only interpreted the world in different ways; the point is—to change it.’), the status of philosophy for Marxism has been controversial. Marx ceased doing ‘philosophy’ in favour of ‘science’; yet it seems clear a philosophical ‘moment’ is necessary in situating Marx’s project. The problem is especially acute when one considers the needs of the proletariat charged with ‘changing it’ (see Rée). The need for contestation on the philosophical level is illustrated, negatively at least, by the perennial attempts by well-meaning souls to ‘give Marxism a philosophy’ drawn from sources alien to it, such as Kantianism, functionalism, or, today, ‘rational choice theory’ (see Sayers’ and McCarney’s rebuttals below). As far as the more specifically political is concerned there is a perennial tendency to assimilate socialism merely to a form of liberalism. Bernstein started this one, and it is running again today under such banners as ‘pluralism’, ‘civil society’, etc. (see Harris).
自马克思关于费尔巴哈的第十一论纲（“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。”）以来，哲学在马克思主义中的地位一直存在争议。马克思停止了“哲学”研究，转而拥抱“科学实践”；然而，似乎可以明确的是，在定位马克思的工作时，哲学的“瞬间”是必要的。当考虑到肩负“改变世界”使命的无产阶级的需求时，这一问题显得尤为尖锐（参见Rée）。在哲学层面上进行争辩的必要性被阐明（至少消极地）了，因为总有些好心人不懈地努力着试图“为马克思主义提供一种哲学”，然而不管是康德主义、功能主义，还是如今的理性选择理论都在源头上与马克思主义格格不入（参见下面Sayers和McCarney的反驳）。就更具体的政治问题而言，总是有一种倾向将社会主义仅仅理解为其只是一种自由主义的形式。伯恩施坦开创了这一先例，而今天它又以“多元主义”“公民社会”等旗号重新出现（参见Harris）。
Harris conducts a searching examination of the most important moments of philosophy down to contemporary appeals to the concept of ‘civil society’ in order to argue for a conception of democracy that steers a course between romantic individualist pluralism, on the one hand, and, on the other, the tension that has plagued the left between spontaneous mass-mobilisation and Spartan discipline.
Harris则对哲学的重要时刻进行了深入的考察，直至当代对“公民社会”概念的呼吁，他（Harris）这样做旨在论证一种民主观念，这种观念在浪漫的个人多元主义和困扰左翼的自发群众动员与斯巴达式纪律之间的张力之间寻求平衡。
《FEMINISM AND THE LOGIC OF MORALITY ——A consideration of alternatives》by Susan F.Parsons
Reading Note
Part of what I want to do here is to outline the reasoning which lies behind this move away from the prevailing tradition of thinking regarding morality, so that it is more clear to us exactly what difficulties the question of gender raises in the process.
我在这里想要做的一部分工作是，勾勒出背离这种盛行的传统道德思考背后的逻辑，以便我们能更清晰地理解，性别问题在这个过程中引发了哪些确切的困难。The book raises many important questions .这本书提出了许多重要问题。
The judgement of equality is founded on the capacity for reasoning about what is good (Kant), or an innate sense of justice (Rawls), or the fact that persons are prospective agents with intentions to fulfil (Gewirth and Singer).
在道德哲学中，“agent”指的是具有自主性、能够进行道德判断并对其行为负责的个体。这一概念强调了个体的自由意志、道德判断能力和对行为后果的责任感
“Notion”、“Concept”和“Conception”都是与“观念”或“概念”相关的词汇，但它们在语义和用法上存在一定的区别和联系。以下是对这三个词的详细解释和比较：
1. Notion
定义：
“Notion”通常指一种初步的、模糊的或非正式的想法、观念或印象。它可能是一种直觉、感觉或未经深思熟虑的初步理解。特点：
- 更倾向于描述一种直觉或初步的印象，可能不够精确或详细。
- 可以是模糊的、不完整的，甚至有些抽象。
例句：
- I have a vague notion of what you’re talking about.
（我对你说的内容有一个模糊的概念。）- She had a notion that something was wrong.
（她有一种直觉，觉得有些不对劲。）
2. Concept
定义：
“Concept”指一个清晰、明确的观念或概念，通常经过系统的思考或定义。它是一种更正式、更精确的思维方式，用于描述一个理论、原则或系统化的思想。特点：
- 更强调清晰性和系统性，通常用于学术或专业领域。
- 是一种经过深思熟虑的、有明确定义的观念。
例句：
- The concept of justice is central to moral philosophy.
（正义的概念是道德哲学的核心。）- The new product is based on a revolutionary concept.
（这个新产品基于一个革命性的概念。）
3. Conception
定义：
“Conception”指对某个概念或观念的理解、解释或构想。它强调的是个人或集体对某个概念的主观理解，可能因人而异。特点：
- 更强调主观性和多样性，不同的人可能对同一个概念有不同的“conception”。
- 可以是个人的、文化的或历史的，反映了对某个概念的具体理解。
例句：
- Different cultures have different conceptions of beauty.
（不同的文化对美的理解不同。）- His conception of democracy is quite different from mine.
（他对民主的理解和我完全不同。）
区别与联系
区别：
- Notion：更模糊、初步，可能是一种直觉或初步印象。
- Concept：更清晰、系统，是一种经过定义和思考的观念。
- Conception：更强调主观性和多样性，是对某个概念的具体理解。
联系：
- 三者都与“观念”或“概念”相关，但“notion”是最基础的，可能发展为更清晰的“concept”，而“conception”则是对“concept”的具体理解。
- 在实际使用中，它们可以相互补充，例如：
- 一个人可能先有一个关于某个主题的“notion”，然后通过学习和思考形成一个清晰的“concept”，最后根据自己的背景和经验形成一个独特的“conception”。
总结
- Notion：模糊、初步的观念或印象。
- Concept：清晰、系统化的观念或理论。
- Conception：对某个概念的具体理解和解释。
**Outline the Structure and **Synthesize the Key Ideas
First Paragraph
As a feminist and a moral philosopher, I have for some time been interested in the understanding of morality which emerges from the great variety of feminist writing. It has, first of all, been intriguing that the shift from liberal to radical and socialist feminisms has been paralleled by developments within moral philosophy generally and this process reveals many of the same concerns and disillusionments with liberal morality in particular. Part of what I want to do here is to outline the reasoning which lies behind this move away from the prevailing tradition of thinking regarding morality, so that it is more clear to us exactly what difficulties the question of gender raises in the process. However, it seems to me that the alternative approaches also are not without their problems. The moral arguments of some feminists raise again the spectre of naturalism in which critical distance is sacrificed and the point of being particularly ‘moral’ seems to be lost. Likewise the arguments of others suggest such a thoroughgoing social determinism that the person who decides or is responsible for her behaviour and values is lost. Thus the other purpose of this piece is to try to understand the problems inherent within these non-liberal approaches to feminist morality.
2. The reasons beneath that above process.
3. Thus the other purpose of this piece is to try to understand the problems inherent within these non-liberal approaches to feminist morality.
Sure, here's a more concise version in English:
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### Summary:
1. Both moral philosophy and feminism reveal similar concerns and disillusionments with liberal morality as they evolve, especially as liberal feminism transitions to radical and socialist feminisms.
2. This piece aims to outline the reasoning behind this shift away from traditional moral thinking and clarify the difficulties that gender issues pose in this process.
3. It also seeks to understand the problems inherent in non-liberal approaches to feminist morality, such as the pitfalls of naturalism and social determinism.
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This version captures the main points while keeping the language concise and clear.
